El sistema económico está compuesto por una serie de unidades productivas, como empresas y organizaciones, que tienen como objetivo producir bienes y servicios para satisfacer las necesidades de los consumidores.
Cada unidad de producción es única en términos de su actividad, escala, localización y objeto de producción.
Sin embargo, todas ellas comparten ciertas características comunes, como la necesidad de recursos, la función de producción y la gestión.
En este artículo, nos enfocaremos en las unidades productivas y los procesos de producción desde una perspectiva detallada
Tabla de Contenido
La función de producción y los recursos
Cada unidad de producción adquiere recursos a través de los mercados de factores, lo que les permite emplear éstos, en su función de producción para lograr sus objetivos o resultados productivos.
Los recursos que adquieren pueden ser bienes y servicios intermedios o bienes finales de capital, que han sido elaborados por otras unidades
productivas.
También adquieren factores productivos, como la fuerza laboral, los recursos naturales y el capital financiero, de individuos propietarios.
La función de producción es el proceso mediante el cuál una unidad productiva combina cierta cantidad de recursos para lograr sus objetivos o resultados productivos, ya sea en términos de bienes o servicios.
Esta función es esencial para el éxito de cualquier unidad de producción.
El proceso de producción
El proceso de producción es el sistema de acciones dinámicamente interrelacionadas orientado a la transformación de ciertos elementos “entrados” en ciertos elementos “salidos”.
Los elementos esenciales y constitutivos de todo proceso productivo son los factores o recursos, las acciones y los resultados o productos.
La teoría de la producción
La teoría de la producción es un área de estudio que se enfoca en analizar los procesos de transformación de los recursos en productos.
Esta teoría reconoce que las transformaciones pueden ser técnicas, es decir, mutaciones inducidas sobre determinados recursos materiales, que son propias de las actividades industriales.
Además, la teoría de la producción también admite una noción amplia de transformación que incluye transformaciones de modo, donde las modificaciones no son técnicas sino solo de selección, forma o modo de disposición de las cosas, lo que es propio de las actividades comerciales.
También se incluyen las transformaciones de lugar, donde las modificaciones tampoco son técnicas sino solo de desplazamiento de las cosas en el espacio, que es propio de la actividad de transporte.
Por último, se incluyen las transformaciones de tiempo, donde las modificaciones están referidas solo a la conservación de las condiciones técnicas en el tiempo, que es propio del almacenaje.
Las transformaciones biológicas también pueden ser consideradas dentro de la teoría de la producción.
Por ejemplo, en la producción agrícola, se utilizan procesos biológicos para transformar los recursos naturales (como el suelo, el agua y la luz solar) en cultivos.
Estos procesos incluyen la germinación de las semillas, el crecimiento de las plantas y la maduración de los frutos.
De manera similar, en la producción ganadera, se utilizan procesos biológicos para transformar el alimento en carne, leche o huevos.
Estos procesos incluyen la digestión, el metabolismo y la reproducción de los animales.
En general, las transformaciones biológicas se basan en procesos naturales que no pueden ser controlados por completo por los seres humanos, lo que significa que la eficiencia y la calidad de la producción dependen en gran medida de factores como el clima, la genética y la salud de los animales o plantas.
Sin embargo, los productores pueden aplicar técnicas y tecnologías para mejorar el crecimiento y la productividad de las plantas y los animales, lo que también puede considerarse como parte de la teoría de la producción.
La gestión de las unidades productivas
Todas las unidades productivas necesitan ser “gestionadas”, es decir, dirigidas y administradas, tanto en lo atinente a actividades de transacción con los actores con que interactúan los mercados (proveedores de sus recursos factores y clientes de sus productos), como las relacionadas con el desarrollo de la función de producción.
La gestión adecuada es esencial para el éxito de cualquier unidad de producción.
Conclusión
Las unidades productivas y los procesos de producción son fundamentales
para el funcionamiento del sistema económico.
Cada unidad de producción es única, pero comparten características comunes, como la necesidad de recursos, la función de producción y la gestión.
El proceso de producción es el sistema de acciones dinámicamente interrelacionadas orientado a la transformación de los recursos en productos
Bibliografía
Cartier, E. (2017). Apuntes para una teoría del costo. 1ra Edición. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina. Editorial La Ley. Pp 12-15
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