¿Te has preguntado alguna vez por qué algunos objetos son considerados
“bienes” en la economía y otros no? La respuesta radica en su capacidad
para satisfacer necesidades, lo que se conoce como “utilidad”.
Pero, ¿cómo se determina el valor de un bien en la economía? ¿Qué papel
juega la necesidad en las relaciones de intercambio?
En este artículo, te explicaremos cómo funciona la jerarquía de los bienes, desde los “bienes libres” hasta los “bienes económicos”, y cómo la utilidad
y la necesidad influyen en su valor de uso y valor de cambio.
Además, descubrirás por qué sólo los bienes económicos tienen un valor de cambio y cómo afecta a las relaciones de intercambio.
Tabla de Contenido
¿Qué es la utilidad en economía y por qué es importante?
En economía, la respuesta radica en la capacidad que tiene un objeto para satisfacer una necesidad, lo que se conoce como “utilidad”.
En la jerarquía de los bienes, cualquier objeto que no se aprecia como “útil” no se considerará un “bien”.
La jerarquía de los bienes: bienes libres y bienes económicos
Es por eso que los bienes libres, que son provistos por la naturaleza en cantidades suficientes para satisfacer todas las necesidades del hombre, no requieren de actividades humanas que los produzcan ni son objetos de intercambio.
Por otro lado, los bienes económicos, que no son libres y demandan actividad humana para ser obtenidos, tienen propietarios y pueden ser intercambiados.
¿Cómo se determina el valor de un bien en la economía?
Para entender el valor de un bien, es necesario que los sujetos económicos reconozcan la utilidad del bien y sean conscientes de que necesitan una cierta cantidad de ese bien para satisfacer sus necesidades.
La relación entre la utilidad, el valor de uso y el valor de cambio
de los bienes
Tanto los bienes económicos como los no económicos poseen un “valor de uso” que se basa en su utilidad y en la percepción de ella por parte de los sujetos con necesidades insatisfechas.
Sin embargo, sólo los bienes económicos tienen un “valor de cambio” que está relacionado con su precio y pueden ser intercambiados por dinero u otros bienes.
Las relaciones de intercambio y su relación con la utilidad de los bienes
Las relaciones de intercambio se producen cuando un sujeto reconoce la utilidad de un producto y está dispuesto a entablar una relación de intercambio con el propietario del bien.
Es la percepción de la utilidad y la necesidad insatisfecha de los sujetos lo que determina tanto el valor de uso como el valor de cambio de un bien.
Conclusión
En resumen, la utilidad es un concepto fundamental en la economía y es la base para jerarquizar los bienes en función de su capacidad para satisfacer necesidades.
Los bienes económicos y no económicos tienen un valor de uso que se basa en su utilidad y en la percepción de ella por parte de los sujetos con necesidades insatisfechas.
Sin embargo, sólo los bienes económicos tienen un valor de cambio que está relacionado con su precio y pueden ser intercambiados.
Al entender estos conceptos, podemos comprender mejor cómo funcionan las relaciones de intercambio en la economía.
Bibliografía
Cartier, E. (2017). Apuntes para una teoría del costo. 1ra Edición. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina. Editorial La Ley. Pp 3-5.
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