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¿Cómo se relacionan los conceptos sobre valor con el componente monetario?
El componente monetario de cada factor es una expresión del tipo: “cantidad de unidades monetarias por unidad de factor”.
Pero, ¿cómo se relacionan los conceptos sobre valor con el componente monetario?
Si consideramos sólo a las personas de existencia real como “sujetos”, entonces los “productos” serían “bienes y servicios finales de consumo”.
Pero si ampliamos la interpretación y consideramos a otras personas de existencia ideal, como empresas u organizaciones, que tienen necesidades concretas que satisfacer, entonces las “unidades de producción” serían también sujetos económicos que necesitan disponer de los recursos o medios de producción para cumplir con sus objetivos.
Las unidades de producción toman conciencia de la necesidad de disponer de determinados recursos útiles para cumplir sus objetivos, reconocen la utilidad para satisfacer esas necesidades en ciertos bienes o servicios ofrecidos por otros actores en los mercados, reconociéndoles valor de uso.
Esto las predispone a entablar relaciones de intercambio con los propietarios de los medios de producción y pagar un determinado precio por ellos.
Todos los factores de producción empleados en un proceso tienen siempre asociados valores de uso y valores de cambio o precios.
La “monetización” del componente físico se hace en función del precio o valor de cambio que el sujeto organizador de la producción haya pagado por el factor en una relación de intercambio previa para tenerlo disponible para su consumo.
¿Cuál es la postura más arraigada en la doctrina?
En la historia del pensamiento económico, la posición más arraigada en la doctrina es la idea de que la “monetización” del componente físico se haga en función del “precio o valor de cambio” que el sujeto organizador de la producción haya pagado por el factor en una relación de intercambio previa para tenerlo disponible para su consumo.
Esto está alineado con las posturas de los autores clásicos y preclásicos que coincidían en la concepción “objetiva” del valor.
Sin embargo, no es una posición excluyente en la historia del pensamiento económico.
La escuela “marginalista” puso foco en los aspectos psicológicos asociados al valor y planteó una concepción “subjetiva del valor”.
Esta concepción considera que el costo de un producto está dado por la suma de los factores consumidos, pero valuados por su “utilidad general”, donde “general” refiere a todas las alternativas en que dicho factor podría generar valor y “utilidad” a la percepción subjetiva del valor.
En el marco del paradigma, el componente monetario de un factor sería el valor internamente asignado a las unidades empleadas o disponibles.
Esta alternativa, más amplia y abarcativa, deja incluida la perspectiva tradicional (toda vez que los responsables del proceso pueden “asignar” cómo valor el precio que se abona o se abonó a los propietarios originales), así como las figuras del “costo de oportunidad” aludido.
Conclusión
En conclusión, el costo de un producto es una reexpresión monetaria de las relaciones de productividad implicadas en su producción.
Los factores de producción tienen valores de uso y valores de cambio, y su componente monetario se define por la cantidad de unidades monetarias por unidad de factor.
La monetización del componente físico del costo puede basarse en la retribución al propietario del factor usado a través del precio pagado en el mercado de factores, o en el costo de oportunidad derivado del mercado de productos.
En definitiva, la determinación del costo de un producto es un proceso complejo que involucra la consideración de múltiples factores y perspectivas.
Afianza tu aprendizaje con esta actividad interactiva
Queridos lectores, en esta publicación hemos abordado un tema relevante y útil que seguramente les ha aportado nuevos conocimientos y perspectivas. Sabemos que para asegurarnos de que lo aprendido no se olvide, es importante repasar y poner en práctica los conceptos adquiridos. Por eso, les ofrecemos una actividad que hemos preparado para que puedan afianzar su aprendizaje. Los invitamos a participar, estamos seguros que les será de gran utilidad. Esperamos que la disfruten y que les resulte de gran ayuda en su proceso de aprendizaje.
Bibliografía
Cartier, E. (2017). Apuntes para una teoría del costo. 1ra Edición. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Argentina. Editorial La Ley. Pp 51-56
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